高强钢激光焊接凝固裂纹研究现状

Research status of solidification cracks in laser welding of high-strength steel

  • 摘要: 采用激光自熔焊、激光填丝焊及激光-电弧复合焊进行高强钢焊接时均会出现热裂纹,且以凝固裂纹为主。针对该问题,文中综合论述了近些年激光及其复合焊高强钢凝固裂纹的研究情况,介绍了凝固裂纹的特点、形成机制及防止措施。从目前的研究结果来看,高强钢激光焊接中凝固裂纹以焊缝纵向裂纹为主,国内外主要从化学成分、熔池几何形状、焊接参数、拘束度4个影响因素研究凝固裂纹的形成,研究侧重于熔池的凸起部分和深宽比对凝固裂纹形成的影响,凸起部分会造成凝固延迟、产生大的拉应力、促进S,P杂质元素的偏析;较大的深宽比会造成局部应力集中从而引发裂纹产生。采用不同工艺方法改变焊缝几何形状是解决激光焊接凝固裂纹的一个重要方向。

     

    Abstract: Hot cracks,mainly solidification cracks,occurred when laser welding,laser wire filling and laser-arc hybrid welding were used in high strength steel welding. For the problem in the paper,the research status of solidification crack in high-strength steel by laser welding and laser-arc hybrid welding in recent years was comprehensively discussed,characteristics,formation mechanism and preventive measures of solidification cracks were introduced. According to the current research results,the solidification cracks in laser welding of high-strength steel were mainly longitudinal cracks in the weld. The formation of solidification cracks was mainly studied at home and abroad from four influence factors of chemical composition,molten pool geometry,welding parameters,and restraint intensity. The focus was on the influence of convex part and depth-to-width ratio of the molten pool on the formation of solidification crack. The convex part would cause solidification delay,generate large tensile stress,and promote the segregation of S and P impurity elements. Larger depth-to-width ratio would cause local stress concentration and then cause cracks. Changing the weld geometry by different techniques was an important direction to solve the solidification cracks in laser welding.

     

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